Evaluation of plasma cortisol during fasting test in patients with endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Fifteen years experience.

BACKGROUND: Endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (EHH) is a rare clinical condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate baseline plasma cortisol concentration and its concentration during hypoglycemic crisis in fasting tests (FT) performed in our center. Secondarily, the aim was to establish the relationship between baseline cortisol and the time of evolution of EHH. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, observational, descriptive study was carried out which included patients with hypoglycemic disorder with positive FT. RESULTS: Of a total of 21 patients, 16 presented insulinoma, 1 nesidioblastosis, 2 malignant insulinoma and 2 EHH without pathological diagnosis. The time from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 2 years (Q1=1.5-Q2=5.5). The comparison between median baseline cortisol (BC)=11.8 mcg/dl (nmol/L 340.68) (Q1=9-Q3=14.1) and median cortisol during hypoglycemic episode (HC)=11.6 mcg/dl (nmol/L: 303.44) (Q1=7.8-Q3=16.1) showed no differences (Z=-0.08; P>.05). When correlating BC with HC, no significant relationship was observed (r=0.16; P>.05). When correlating the glycemic value in the crisis and the HC, a slight negative trend was found (r=-0.53; P=.01). In addition, we found that recurrent hypoglycemic disorder is associated with lower baseline cortisol values ​​the longer the time of its evolution. CONCLUSION: We confirmed that cortisol values ​​remain low during hypoglycemic episodes, reinforcing the hypothesis of lack of response of this counterregulatory hormone in cases of recurrent hypoglycemia.

Acromegaly and thyroid cancer: analysis of evolution in a series of patients.

BACKGROUND: Acromegaly is associated with higher morbidity and mortality mainly due to cardiovascular disease. Data on the incidence and evolution of thyroid cancer in acromegaly are controversial. Our objective was to describe the characteristics of a group of acromegalic patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) and analyze their evolution. METHODS: This is a retrospective multicenter study of 24 acromegalic patients with DTC. The AJCC Staging System 8th Edition was used for TNM staging, and the initial risk of recurrence (RR), initial response and response at the end of follow-up (RFU) were defined according to the 2015 ATA Guidelines. As a control group, 92 patients with DTC without acromegaly were randomly included. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS Statistics 20.0. RESULTS: Median age of patients at diagnosis of acromegaly was 49.5 years (range 12-69). The median delay in diagnosis of acromegaly was 3 years (range 0.5-23). Mean baseline IGF-1 level was 2.9 ± 1.1 ULN. Median age at DTC diagnosis was 51.5 years (18-69). At the moment of diagnosis of DTC, 58.3% of the patients had active acromegaly. Median time from DTC diagnosis to acromegaly control was 1.25 years (0.5-7). Mean DTC tumor diameter of the biggest lesion was 14.6 ± 9.2 mm, being multifocal in 37.5%. All tumors were papillary carcinomas, two cases being of an aggressive variety. Lymph node dissection was performed in 8 out of 24 patients and 62.5% had metastases. Only one patient had distant metastases. Radioiodine ablation was given to 87.5% of patients. Nineteen patients (79%) were stage I, four (17%) stage II and one (4%) stage IVb. Initial RR was low in 87% (21/24), intermediate in 9% (2/24) and high in 4% (1/24) patient. RFU was: 83% (19/23) patients with no evidence of disease, 9% (2/23) with indeterminate response, 4% (1/23) with biochemical incomplete response and 4% (1/23) with structural incomplete response, at a median time of FU of 36.5 months. When comparing RFU between acromegalics and controls no statistically significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with acromegaly and DTC mostly had a low initial RR. When compared with the control group, we found that DTC patients with acromegaly did not have a worse evolution.

Terapia de reemplazo hormonal y enfermedad cardiovascular en el hombre adulto hipogonádico / Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease in the hypogonadal adult men

RESUMEN El diagnóstico de hipogonadismo requiere de la presencia de síntomas y signos sugestivos de deficiencia de testosterona asociado a la confirmación por estudios de laboratorio de valores de testosterona por debajo del valor normal. Se ha descrito un aumento en la prescripción de la terapia androgénica en el hipoandrogenismo asociado con la edad, y existe preocupación sobre los potenciales efectos adversos en especial a nivel cardiovascular relacionados con la misma. Los mecanismos fisiopatológicos propuestos en relación a los posibles efectos adversos de la testosterona sobre el sistema cardiovascular incluyen: aumento de la expresión de receptor para tromboxano A2 (TXA2), aumento de la expresión vascular en células endoteliales de la molécula de adhesión vascular 1 (VCAM1), estimulación de la eritropoyesis con el desarrollo de policitemia, como también aumento de la incidencia de síndrome apnea del sueño. Pero por otra parte, existe evidencia de que el hipogonadismo no tratado se asocia a aumento de enfermedad cardiovascular y mortalidad. Se sugiere considerar la administración de TRH en pacientes con hipogonadismo sintomático, tomando en cuenta los riesgos y beneficios asociados a la misma y con precaución en su indicación en los pacientes más frágiles y con alto riesgo cardiovascular.

ABSTRACT The diagnosis of hypogonadism requires of the presence of symptoms and signs suggestive of testosterone deficiency associated with confirmation by laboratory studies of testosterone below the normal value. It has been described an increase in the prescription of androgenic therapy in late onset hypogonadism (associated with aging) and there is concern of its potential adverse effects, especially on cardiovascular events. The proposed physiopathological mechanisms, related to the adverse effects of testosterone on the cardiovascular system include: increased expression of thromboxane A2 receptors (TXA2), increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1), stimulation of erythropoiesis with the development of polycythemia, as well as an increase in the incidence of sleep apnea syndrome. On the other hand, evidence exists on the association of not treated hypogonadism with an increase in cardiovascular disease and mortality. It is suggested to consider the use of testosterone therapy in patients with symptomatic hypogonadism, always taking into account the possible risks and benefits associated with its use and being careful on its indication in fragile patients with high cardiovascular risk.